Active and Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice English Grammar का एक बहुत important topic है। इसमें हम यह सीखते हैं कि किसी sentence में काम करने वाला (Doer) कौन है और काम किस पर हुआ (Receiver of Action) कौन है।

1. What is Voice?

Voice से पता चलता है कि sentence में Subject action कर रहा है या Subject पर action हो रहा है।

Voice	Meaning	Example
Active Voice	Subject action करता है	Ram writes a letter.
Passive Voice	Subject पर action होता है	A letter is written by Ram.

2. Active Voice क्या है?

जिस sentence में Subject स्वयं action करता है, उसे Active Voice कहते हैं।

Subject + Verb + Object

Example:

• Ram writes a letter.
• Sita cleaned the room.
• The boy is flying a kite.
• They will finish the work.

इन सभी sentences में Subject action कर रहा है।

3. Passive Voice क्या है?

जिस sentence में focus उस व्यक्ति या वस्तु पर होता है जिस पर action किया गया है, उसे Passive Voice कहते हैं।

Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject

Example:

• A letter is written by Ram.
• The room was cleaned by Sita.
• A kite is being flown by the boy.
• The work will be finished by them.

4. Active से Passive बनाने का Basic Formula

Active: Subject + Verb + Object

Passive: Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject

Example:

Active: Ram writes a letter.

Step 1: Subject = Ram

Step 2: Verb = writes

Step 3: Object = a letter

Passive: A letter is written by Ram.

5. Active to Passive बनाने के Step-by-Step Rules

1. Active sentence का Object खोजिए।
2. Object को Passive sentence का Subject बनाइए।
3. Sentence के tense के अनुसार सही Helping Verb लगाइए।
4. Main Verb को हमेशा V3 में बदलिए।
5. Active Subject को आवश्यकता होने पर by + object form में लिखिए।
6. बाकी words को आवश्यकता के अनुसार sentence में रखिए।

6. Pronoun Change

Passive Voice बनाते समय Subject और Object के pronouns का सही रूप बदलना बहुत important है।

Active Subject	Passive में	Example
I	me	by me
We	us	by us
You	you	by you
He	him	by him
She	her	by her
It	it	by it
They	them	by them
Who	whom	by whom

7. Tense-wise Active and Passive Voice

Present Simple Tense

Active: Subject + V1/V5 + Object
Passive: Object + is/am/are + V3 + by + Subject

Examples:

• Ram writes a letter.
  A letter is written by Ram.
• She teaches English.
  English is taught by her.
• They play cricket.
  Cricket is played by them.
• I read a book.
  A book is read by me.

Present Continuous Tense

Active: Subject + is/am/are + V-ing + Object
Passive: Object + is/am/are + being + V3 + by + Subject

• Ram is writing a letter.
  A letter is being written by Ram.
• She is cleaning the room.
  The room is being cleaned by her.
• They are playing cricket.
  Cricket is being played by them.

Present Perfect Tense

Active: Subject + has/have + V3 + Object
Passive: Object + has/have + been + V3 + by + Subject

• Ram has written a letter.
  A letter has been written by Ram.
• They have completed the work.
  The work has been completed by them.
• She has cleaned the room.
  The room has been cleaned by her.

Past Simple Tense

Active: Subject + V2 + Object
Passive: Object + was/were + V3 + by + Subject

• Ram wrote a letter.
  A letter was written by Ram.
• Sita cleaned the room.
  The room was cleaned by Sita.
• They played cricket.
  Cricket was played by them.

Past Continuous Tense

Active: Subject + was/were + V-ing + Object
Passive: Object + was/were + being + V3 + by + Subject

• Ram was writing a letter.
  A letter was being written by Ram.
• They were cleaning the room.
  The room was being cleaned by them.
• She was preparing food.
  Food was being prepared by her.

Past Perfect Tense

Active: Subject + had + V3 + Object
Passive: Object + had + been + V3 + by + Subject

• Ram had written a letter.
  A letter had been written by Ram.
• She had completed the work.
  The work had been completed by her.
• They had cleaned the room.
  The room had been cleaned by them.

Future Simple Tense

Active: Subject + will + V1 + Object
Passive: Object + will + be + V3 + by + Subject

• Ram will write a letter.
  A letter will be written by Ram.
• They will complete the work.
  The work will be completed by them.
• She will clean the room.
  The room will be cleaned by her.

Future Perfect Tense

Active: Subject + will have + V3 + Object
Passive: Object + will have been + V3 + by + Subject

• Ram will have completed the work.
  The work will have been completed by Ram.
• They will have finished the project.
  The project will have been finished by them.

8. Tense Chart: Quick Revision

Tense	Passive Structure
Present Simple	is/am/are + V3
Present Continuous	is/am/are + being + V3
Present Perfect	has/have + been + V3
Past Simple	was/were + V3
Past Continuous	was/were + being + V3
Past Perfect	had + been + V3
Future Simple	will + be + V3
Future Perfect	will have been + V3

9. Modal Verbs के साथ Passive Voice

Can, could, may, might, must, should, would, shall आदि modal verbs के बाद Passive में be + V3 आता है।

Modal + be + V3

• Ram can do this work.
  This work can be done by Ram.
• You should obey your parents.
  Your parents should be obeyed by you.
• We must follow the rules.
  The rules must be followed by us.
• They may complete the work.
  The work may be completed by them.
• She could solve the problem.
  The problem could be solved by her.

10. Negative Sentences

Negative sentence में not helping verb के बाद लगाया जाता है।

• Ram does not write a letter.
  A letter is not written by Ram.
• She did not clean the room.
  The room was not cleaned by her.
• They have not completed the work.
  The work has not been completed by them.
• He will not do the work.
  The work will not be done by him.

11. Interrogative Sentences

Question sentence को Passive में बदलते समय helping verb को sentence के beginning में रखा जाता है।

Yes/No Questions

• Does Ram write a letter?
  Is a letter written by Ram?
• Did she clean the room?
  Was the room cleaned by her?
• Has he completed the work?
  Has the work been completed by him?
• Will they finish the work?
  Will the work be finished by them?

Continuous Questions

• Is Ram writing a letter?
  Is a letter being written by Ram?
• Were they cleaning the room?
  Was the room being cleaned by them?

12. WH-Questions

Who, whom, what, why, when, where, how आदि वाले questions में question word को बनाए रखा जाता है।

• Who wrote this letter?
  By whom was this letter written?
• Who teaches you English?
  By whom are you taught English?
• What did Ram buy?
  What was bought by Ram?
• Why did he break the glass?
  Why was the glass broken by him?
• When will they announce the result?
  When will the result be announced by them?

13. Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentences में order, request, advice या command दी जाती है।

Let + Object + be + V3

• Open the door.
  Let the door be opened.
• Close the window.
  Let the window be closed.
• Clean the room.
  Let the room be cleaned.
• Do the work.
  Let the work be done.
• Help the poor.
  Let the poor be helped.

Negative Imperative

• Do not open the door.
  Let the door not be opened.
• Do not waste water.
  Let water not be wasted.
• Do not break the rules.
  Let the rules not be broken.

14. Sentences with Two Objects

कुछ verbs जैसे give, tell, teach, offer, send, show, lend आदि के दो objects हो सकते हैं। ऐसे sentences में दोनों में से किसी एक object को Passive का subject बनाया जा सकता है।

Active: Ram gave me a book.

Passive 1: I was given a book by Ram.

Passive 2: A book was given to me by Ram.

More Examples:

• She taught me English.
  I was taught English by her.
• He gave her a pen.
  She was given a pen by him.
• They sent me a letter.
  I was sent a letter by them.

15. Preposition वाले Verbs

कुछ sentences में verb के साथ preposition भी आती है। Passive बनाते समय preposition को हटाना नहीं चाहिए।

• They laughed at him.
  He was laughed at by them.
• Everyone looks after the child.
  The child is looked after by everyone.
• We should listen to our teachers.
  Our teachers should be listened to by us.
• Someone has taken care of the child.
  The child has been taken care of.

16. “By” कब नहीं लगाना चाहिए?

Passive Voice में “by + subject” हर बार लिखना जरूरी नहीं है। यदि doer unknown, obvious या unimportant है, तो उसे छोड़ सकते हैं।

• Someone stole my bicycle.
  My bicycle was stolen.
• People speak English all over the world.
  English is spoken all over the world.
• Someone has broken the window.
  The window has been broken.
• People make shoes in this factory.
  Shoes are made in this factory.

17. Passive Voice में Object पहचानना

सबसे पहले verb के बाद “क्या?” या “किसे?” पूछिए। जो answer मिले, वही अक्सर Object होगा।

Example: Ram reads a book.

Ram reads what? → a book.

इसलिए a book Object है और Passive में यही शुरुआत में आएगा।

Passive: A book is read by Ram.

18. Object नहीं है तो Passive?

यदि verb intransitive है और उसका direct object नहीं है, तो सामान्यतः उसका Passive नहीं बनाया जाता।

• He sleeps.
• The baby cried.
• They arrived.
• Birds fly.

19. Common Mistakes

Wrong	Correct
A letter is write by Ram.	A letter is written by Ram.
The work was complete by him.	The work was completed by him.
The room is being clean.	The room is being cleaned.
The work will completed by me.	The work will be completed by me.
This can done by him.	This can be done by him.
A book was wrote by her.	A book was written by her.

20. Active से Passive बनाते समय Thinking Method

1. Verb खोजो.
2. Object खोजो.
3. Tense पहचानो.
4. Object को शुरुआत में लाओ।
5. Tense के अनुसार helping verb लगाओ।
6. Main verb को V3 में बदलो।
7. जरूरत हो तो by + subject लगाओ।
8. Pronoun सही करो।
9. अंत में पूरा sentence पढ़कर grammar check करो।

21. Important Examples

• The teacher teaches English.
  English is taught by the teacher.
• The police caught the thief.
  The thief was caught by the police.
• My mother cooks food.
  Food is cooked by my mother.
• They are building a bridge.
  A bridge is being built by them.
• She has written a poem.
  A poem has been written by her.
• He had solved the problem.
  The problem had been solved by him.
• They will announce the result tomorrow.
  The result will be announced by them tomorrow.
• You must obey the rules.
  The rules must be obeyed by you.
• Can you solve this problem?
  Can this problem be solved by you?
• Do not waste food.
  Let food not be wasted.

22. Practice Set – A: Change into Passive Voice

1. Ram writes a letter.
2. She reads a book.
3. They play football.
4. He opens the door.
5. We clean our classroom.
6. The teacher teaches English.
7. Sita cooks food.
8. My father buys vegetables.
9. The boy flies a kite.
10. They watch television.
11. Ram is writing a letter.
12. She is cleaning the room.
13. They are building a house.
14. He is reading a newspaper.
15. The students are preparing the lesson.
16. Ram has completed the work.
17. She has written a story.
18. They have opened the door.
19. He has solved the problem.
20. We have finished the project.

23. Practice Set – B: Past and Future

1. Ram wrote a letter.
2. She cleaned the room.
3. They played cricket.
4. The police caught the thief.
5. He bought a new car.
6. My mother cooked food.
7. They were repairing the road.
8. She was writing a poem.
9. He was washing the car.
10. They were decorating the hall.
11. Ram had completed the work.
12. She had cleaned the room.
13. They had finished the project.
14. He will write a letter.
15. They will complete the work.
16. She will prepare the food.
17. We will announce the result.
18. He will solve the problem.
19. They will have completed the project.
20. She will have written the report.

24. Practice Set – C: Modals

1. You can solve this problem.
2. He can do the work.
3. She could answer the question.
4. They may finish the work.
5. We must obey the rules.
6. You should respect your parents.
7. Students should follow the instructions.
8. He might complete the work.
9. We must protect the environment.
10. They can win the match.

25. Practice Set – D: Negative Sentences

1. Ram does not write a letter.
2. She did not clean the room.
3. They do not follow the rules.
4. He did not complete the work.
5. She has not finished the project.
6. They have not opened the door.
7. He will not accept the proposal.
8. We should not waste water.
9. You must not break the rules.
10. They cannot solve the problem.

26. Practice Set – E: Interrogative Sentences

1. Does Ram write a letter?
2. Does she teach English?
3. Did he clean the room?
4. Did they finish the work?
5. Has Ram completed the project?
6. Have they opened the door?
7. Will she write a letter?
8. Can you solve this problem?
9. Should we follow the rules?
10. Must they complete the work?

27. Practice Set – F: WH Questions

1. Who wrote this letter?
2. Who teaches you English?
3. Who broke the window?
4. What did Ram buy?
5. What did she write?
6. Why did he break the glass?
7. When will they announce the result?
8. How did she solve the problem?
9. Who has completed the work?
10. Who will organize the meeting?

28. Practice Set – G: Imperative Sentences

1. Open the door.
2. Close the window.
3. Clean the room.
4. Do the work.
5. Help the poor.
6. Respect your parents.
7. Follow the rules.
8. Do not waste water.
9. Do not break the glass.
10. Do not make a noise.

29. Practice Set – H: Mixed Board-Level Questions

1. The students respect their teacher.
2. Someone has stolen my bicycle.
3. People speak English all over the world.
4. The police arrested the criminal.
5. They are repairing the road.
6. She has prepared the food.
7. He had completed his homework.
8. We will finish the work tomorrow.
9. You must obey the law.
10. Can you answer this question?
11. They did not invite me.
12. She does not like tea.
13. Did Ram write this letter?
14. Has she completed the work?
15. Who broke the glass?
16. Why did they cancel the meeting?
17. Open the box.
18. Do not touch the wire.
19. They gave me a book.
20. Everyone laughed at him.

30. Answer Key – Practice Set A

1. A letter is written by Ram.
2. A book is read by her.
3. Football is played by them.
4. The door is opened by him.
5. Our classroom is cleaned by us.
6. English is taught by the teacher.
7. Food is cooked by Sita.
8. Vegetables are bought by my father.
9. A kite is flown by the boy.
10. Television is watched by them.
11. A letter is being written by Ram.
12. The room is being cleaned by her.
13. A house is being built by them.
14. A newspaper is being read by him.
15. The lesson is being prepared by the students.
16. The work has been completed by Ram.
17. A story has been written by her.
18. The door has been opened by them.
19. The problem has been solved by him.
20. The project has been finished by us.

31. Answer Key – Practice Set B

1. A letter was written by Ram.
2. The room was cleaned by her.
3. Cricket was played by them.
4. The thief was caught by the police.
5. A new car was bought by him.
6. Food was cooked by my mother.
7. The road was being repaired by them.
8. A poem was being written by her.
9. The car was being washed by him.
10. The hall was being decorated by them.
11. The work had been completed by Ram.
12. The room had been cleaned by her.
13. The project had been finished by them.
14. A letter will be written by him.
15. The work will be completed by them.
16. The food will be prepared by her.
17. The result will be announced by us.
18. The problem will be solved by him.
19. The project will have been completed by them.
20. The report will have been written by her.

32. Answer Key – Practice Set C

1. This problem can be solved by you.
2. The work can be done by him.
3. The question could be answered by her.
4. The work may be finished by them.
5. The rules must be obeyed by us.
6. Your parents should be respected by you.
7. The instructions should be followed by the students.
8. The work might be completed by him.
9. The environment must be protected by us.
10. The match can be won by them.

33. Answer Key – Practice Set D

1. A letter is not written by Ram.
2. The room was not cleaned by her.
3. The rules are not followed by them.
4. The work was not completed by him.
5. The project has not been finished by her.
6. The door has not been opened by them.
7. The proposal will not be accepted by him.
8. Water should not be wasted by us.
9. The rules must not be broken by you.
10. The problem cannot be solved by them.

34. Answer Key – Practice Set E

1. Is a letter written by Ram?
2. Is English taught by her?
3. Was the room cleaned by him?
4. Was the work finished by them?
5. Has the project been completed by Ram?
6. Has the door been opened by them?
7. Will a letter be written by her?
8. Can this problem be solved by you?
9. Should the rules be followed by us?
10. Must the work be completed by them?

35. Answer Key – Practice Set F

1. By whom was this letter written?
2. By whom are you taught English?
3. By whom was the window broken?
4. What was bought by Ram?
5. What was written by her?
6. Why was the glass broken by him?
7. When will the result be announced by them?
8. How was the problem solved by her?
9. By whom has the work been completed?
10. By whom will the meeting be organized?

36. Answer Key – Practice Set G

1. Let the door be opened.
2. Let the window be closed.
3. Let the room be cleaned.
4. Let the work be done.
5. Let the poor be helped.
6. Let your parents be respected.
7. Let the rules be followed.
8. Let water not be wasted.
9. Let the glass not be broken.
10. Let a noise not be made.

37. Board Exam Strategy

38. Most Important Patterns for Exam

Pattern	Passive
V1/V5	is/am/are + V3
is/am/are + V-ing	is/am/are + being + V3
has/have + V3	has/have + been + V3
V2	was/were + V3
was/were + V-ing	was/were + being + V3
had + V3	had + been + V3
will + V1	will + be + V3
Modal + V1	Modal + be + V3

39. Quick Revision

• Active: Subject action करता है।
• Passive: Object action receive करता है।
• Passive में Main Verb हमेशा V3 होती है।
• Object को Passive का Subject बनाया जाता है।
• Continuous → being + V3
• Perfect → been + V3
• Modal → be + V3
• Who → by whom
• Imperative → Let + object + be + V3
• Object नहीं होने पर सामान्यतः Passive नहीं बनता।