Clauses

Clauses

Clause sentence का वह group of words (शब्दों का समूह) है जिसमें सामान्यतः Subject और Verb दोनों होते हैं और जो sentence का एक complete या incomplete idea (विचार) व्यक्त करता है।

1. Clause को समझने का आसान तरीका

नीचे दिए गए sentence को देखिए:

I know that he is honest.

इस sentence में दो Subject-Verb pairs हैं:

• I + know
• he + is

इसलिए इसमें दो clauses हैं:

1. I know → Main Clause
2. that he is honest → Subordinate Clause

2. Phrase और Clause में अंतर

Clause और Phrase को confuse नहीं करना चाहिए।

Phrase	Clause
Subject + Verb का पूरा pair नहीं होता।	सामान्यतः Subject + Verb होता है।
in the morning	when the morning came
after the meal	after we had the meal
in the garden	when he was in the garden

3. Clauses के मुख्य प्रकार

English Grammar में clauses को मुख्य रूप से तीन प्रकारों में समझा जाता है:

Type	Meaning	Example
Main / Independent Clause	अपने आप complete meaning देता है।	He is honest.
Noun Clause	Noun का काम करता है।	I know what he wants.
Adjective / Relative Clause	Noun/Pronoun की विशेषता बताता है।	The boy who won the race is my friend.
Adverb Clause	Verb/Adjective/Adverb के बारे में extra information देता है।	I stayed at home because it was raining.

Main Clause and Subordinate Clause

4. Main Clause

Main Clause को Independent Clause भी कहा जाता है। यह अपने आप एक complete thought (पूर्ण विचार) व्यक्त कर सकता है।

Examples:

• He is honest.
• I went to school.
• She is reading a book.
• They won the match.

5. Subordinate Clause

Subordinate Clause अपने आप complete meaning नहीं देता। इसे Main Clause की आवश्यकता होती है।

• because he was ill
• when I reached home
• who lives in Delhi
• that he is honest

उदाहरण:

I stayed at home because I was ill.

• I stayed at home → Main Clause
• because I was ill → Subordinate Clause

Noun Clause

6. Noun Clause क्या है?

जो clause sentence में Noun का काम करता है, उसे Noun Clause कहते हैं।

7. Noun Clause की पहचान

Noun Clause अक्सर इन words से शुरू होता है:

• that
• what
• who
• whom
• whose
• which
• where
• when
• why
• how
• whether
• if

8. Noun Clause as Subject

Noun Clause sentence में Subject का काम कर सकता है।

• What he said was true.
• What she wants is a new book.
• That he is honest is known to everyone.
• Whether he will come is uncertain.

पहले sentence में What he said पूरा subject है।

9. Noun Clause as Object

Noun Clause किसी Verb का Object भी हो सकता है।

• I know that he is honest.
• She knows what I want.
• I don't know where he lives.
• Tell me why you are sad.
• We know who won the match.

10. Noun Clause after Preposition

Noun Clause preposition के बाद भी आ सकता है।

• It depends on what you decide.
• We are interested in what he says.

11. Noun Clause – More Examples

1. I know where he lives.
2. She told me that she was busy.
3. Tell me what you want.
4. Do you know who broke the window?
5. I don't know why he is angry.
6. We know that honesty is important.
7. He asked me where I lived.
8. She explained how she solved the problem.
9. What you did was wrong.
10. What he says is true.

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause

12. Adjective Clause क्या है?

जो clause किसी Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता या पहचान बताता है, उसे Adjective Clause कहते हैं। इसे Relative Clause भी कहा जाता है।

उदाहरण:

The boy who is wearing a blue shirt is my brother.

यहाँ who is wearing a blue shirt clause, boy की विशेषता बता रहा है। इसलिए यह Adjective Clause है।

13. Relative Words

Relative Word	Use	Example
who	Persons	The boy who won the race is my friend.
whom	Person as object	The man whom I met was kind.
whose	Possession	The boy whose father is a doctor is my friend.
which	Things/Animals	The book which I bought is useful.
that	Persons/Things	The book that I bought is useful.
where	Place	This is the house where I live.
when	Time	I remember the day when we met.

14. Adjective Clause के Examples

• The man who lives next door is a doctor.
• The girl who won the prize is my sister.
• This is the book which I bought yesterday.
• The house that Jack built is beautiful.
• The man whom I met yesterday was a teacher.
• The boy whose bicycle was stolen is crying.
• This is the place where I was born.
• I remember the day when we first met.

15. Adjective Clause पहचानने का तरीका

1. सबसे पहले clause के ठीक पहले वाले noun को खोजिए।
2. देखिए clause उस noun के बारे में information दे रहा है या नहीं।
3. यदि clause noun की पहचान/विशेषता बता रहा है, तो वह Adjective Clause है।

Example:

The student who works hard will succeed.

यहाँ who works hard → student की विशेषता बता रहा है।

Adverb Clause

16. Adverb Clause क्या है?

जो clause sentence में Verb, Adjective या दूसरे Adverb के बारे में information देता है, उसे Adverb Clause कहते हैं।

यह सामान्यतः बताता है:

• Time – कब?
• Place – कहाँ?
• Reason – क्यों?
• Condition – किस शर्त पर?
• Purpose – किस उद्देश्य से?
• Result – क्या परिणाम हुआ?
• Contrast – विरोध/विपरीत स्थिति

17. Adverb Clause of Time

Time बताने वाले clauses को Adverb Clause of Time कहते हैं।

Common words: when, while, before, after, until, till, as soon as, since आदि।

• I will call you when I reach home.
• When the teacher came, the students became silent.
• Wait here until I return.
• He went home after he finished his work.
• As soon as the bell rang, the students left the room.

18. Adverb Clause of Reason

जो clause reason (कारण) बताता है, वह Adverb Clause of Reason है।

Common words: because, since, as

• I stayed at home because I was ill.
• Since it was raining, we stayed indoors.
• As he was tired, he went to bed.

19. Adverb Clause of Condition

जो clause condition (शर्त) बताता है, उसे Adverb Clause of Condition कहते हैं।

Common words: if, unless, provided that, as long as

• If you work hard, you will succeed.
• You will fail unless you work hard.
• You can go if you finish your work.
• You may stay here as long as you remain quiet.

20. Adverb Clause of Purpose

Purpose यानी उद्देश्य बताने वाले clause को Adverb Clause of Purpose कहते हैं।

Common words: so that, in order that

• He works hard so that he can pass the examination.
• She went to the market so that she could buy vegetables.

21. Adverb Clause of Result

Result यानी परिणाम बताने वाला clause Adverb Clause of Result कहलाता है।

Common patterns: so...that, such...that

• He was so tired that he could not walk.
• It was such a difficult question that nobody could answer it.

22. Adverb Clause of Contrast / Concession

जब clause दो विपरीत ideas (विचारों) को दिखाता है, तो यह Adverb Clause of Contrast हो सकता है।

Common words: although, though, even though

• Although he is poor, he is honest.
• Though she was tired, she continued working.
• Even though it was raining, they went outside.

23. Adverb Clause of Place

Place बताने वाला clause Adverb Clause of Place कहलाता है।

Common word: where, wherever

• Stay where you are.
• I will follow you wherever you go.

24. Clauses को पहचानने की Master Method

1. Sentence को ध्यान से पढ़िए।
2. सभी Subject + Verb pairs खोजिए।
3. हर Subject + Verb pair के आसपास clause identify कीजिए।
4. देखिए कौन-सा clause अकेले complete sentence बन सकता है।
5. अगर clause किसी noun की विशेषता बता रहा है → Adjective Clause।
6. अगर clause noun का काम कर रहा है → Noun Clause।
7. अगर clause time, reason, condition, purpose, result आदि बता रहा है → Adverb Clause।

25. तीनों Subordinate Clauses का सबसे आसान Test

Question	Answer	Clause
What/Who?	Noun का काम	Noun Clause
Which one/What kind?	Noun की विशेषता	Adjective Clause
When/Where/Why/How/Under what condition?	Action की extra information	Adverb Clause

26. Similar Words, Different Clauses

When हमेशा एक ही प्रकार का clause नहीं बनाता। Context देखना जरूरी है।

Example 1 – Noun Clause

I know when he will come.

यहाँ when he will come object का काम कर रहा है। → Noun Clause

Example 2 – Adverb Clause

I will call you when he comes.

यहाँ when he comes बताता है कि call कब होगा। → Adverb Clause

27. What – Noun Clause vs Adjective Clause

What से शुरू होने वाला clause सामान्यतः Noun Clause हो सकता है।

• I know what he wants. → Noun Clause
• What she said was true. → Noun Clause

लेकिन which/that/who अक्सर किसी पहले से मौजूद noun को modify करते हैं:

• The book that I bought is expensive. → Adjective Clause
• The boy who came here is my friend. → Adjective Clause

28. Clause Joining Examples

दो simple sentences को clause की मदद से जोड़ सकते हैं।

Simple Sentences	Combined Sentence
He is poor. He is honest.	Although he is poor, he is honest.
He was ill. He could not come.	He could not come because he was ill.
Work hard. You will succeed.	If you work hard, you will succeed.
I know him. He lives in Delhi.	I know the man who lives in Delhi.
He said something. It was true.	What he said was true.

Practice Set – Identify the Clause

नीचे दिए गए sentences में bold clause का प्रकार बताइए—Noun Clause, Adjective Clause या Adverb Clause।

1. I know that he is honest.
2. The boy who won the race is my friend.
3. I stayed at home because I was ill.
4. Tell me what you want.
5. The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.
6. What he said was true.
7. I will call you when I reach home.
8. The man whose car was stolen is my neighbour.
9. He works hard so that he can succeed.
10. Do you know where he lives?
11. If you work hard, you will pass.
12. This is the place where I was born.
13. She asked me why I was late.
14. Although he was tired, he continued working.
15. The girl who is singing is my sister.
16. We know that honesty is the best policy.
17. Stay where you are.
18. The day when we met was memorable.
19. I don't know why he is angry.
20. He was so weak that he could not walk.

Practice Set – Find Main and Subordinate Clause

प्रत्येक sentence में Main Clause और Subordinate Clause अलग कीजिए।

1. I stayed at home because it was raining.
2. When I reached the station, the train had left.
3. I know that he is honest.
4. The boy who won the prize is my brother.
5. If you work hard, you will succeed.
6. Although he is poor, he is happy.
7. She told me that she was busy.
8. When the bell rang, the students left the room.
9. The book which you gave me is useful.
10. He went to bed after he finished his work.

Practice Set – Fill in the Blanks

Suitable word चुनकर sentence पूरा कीजिए:

1. I know _______ he is honest. (that/where)
2. The boy _______ won the race is my brother. (who/when)
3. I stayed home _______ I was ill. (because/which)
4. Tell me _______ you want. (what/which)
5. This is the place _______ I was born. (where/who)
6. I will call you _______ I reach home. (when/whose)
7. The man _______ car was stolen is my neighbour. (whose/which)
8. He works hard _______ he may succeed. (so that/who)
9. _______ you work hard, you will succeed. (If/Which)
10. Do you know _______ he lives? (where/who)
11. The book _______ I bought is expensive. (which/when)
12. _______ he was tired, he continued working. (Although/Where)
13. She asked me _______ I was late. (why/whose)
14. I don't know _______ he will come. (whether/which)
15. Stay _______ you are. (where/who)

Practice Set – Join the Sentences Using Clauses

1. He is poor. He is honest. (although)
2. He was ill. He could not attend school. (because)
3. Work hard. You will succeed. (if)
4. I know the boy. He won the prize. (who)
5. This is the house. I was born here. (where)
6. I know something. He is honest. (that)
7. She was tired. She continued working. (although)
8. He went home. He finished his work. (after)
9. He studies hard. He wants to pass. (so that)
10. I remember the day. We first met on that day. (when)
11. The man is my teacher. I met him yesterday. (whom)
12. The boy is crying. His bicycle was stolen. (whose)
13. He cannot succeed. He does not work hard. (unless)
14. It was raining. We stayed inside. (because)
15. He was very weak. He could not walk. (so...that)

Practice Set – Multiple Choice Questions

1. I know _______ he is honest.
   (a) who   (b) that   (c) which   (d) where
2. The boy _______ is standing there is my brother.
   (a) who   (b) where   (c) when   (d) why
3. I stayed at home _______ I was ill.
   (a) who   (b) which   (c) because   (d) whose
4. Tell me _______ you want.
   (a) what   (b) who   (c) where   (d) whose
5. This is the place _______ I was born.
   (a) who   (b) where   (c) whose   (d) what
6. The man _______ car was stolen is my neighbour.
   (a) who   (b) which   (c) whose   (d) when
7. _______ you work hard, you will pass.
   (a) If   (b) Which   (c) Who   (d) Whose
8. I don't know _______ he lives.
   (a) where   (b) whose   (c) which   (d) that
9. _______ he was tired, he continued working.
   (a) Because   (b) Although   (c) Where   (d) Who
10. He works hard _______ he may succeed.
    (a) so that   (b) who   (c) which   (d) whose
11. "What he said" in "What he said was true" is:
    (a) Adjective Clause   (b) Adverb Clause   (c) Noun Clause   (d) Main Clause
12. "who won the race" in "The boy who won the race is my friend" is:
    (a) Noun Clause   (b) Adjective Clause   (c) Adverb Clause   (d) Main Clause
13. "because he was ill" in "He stayed home because he was ill" is:
    (a) Noun Clause   (b) Adjective Clause   (c) Adverb Clause   (d) Main Clause
14. "where he lives" in "I know where he lives" is:
    (a) Noun Clause   (b) Adjective Clause   (c) Adverb Clause   (d) Main Clause
15. "where I live" in "This is the house where I live" is:
    (a) Noun Clause   (b) Adjective Clause   (c) Adverb Clause   (d) Main Clause

Practice Set – Error Correction

नीचे दिए गए sentences में clause से संबंधित errors को सुधारिए:

1. The boy which won the race is my friend.
2. This is the place who I was born.
3. I know what is he doing.
4. I don't know where does he live.
5. The man which car was stolen is here.
6. He stayed home because of he was ill.
7. The boy who his father is a doctor is my friend.
8. I know that where he lives.
9. Although he was poor but he was honest.
10. Because he was ill, therefore he stayed home.

Answer Key

Identify the Clause

1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause
3. Adverb Clause
4. Noun Clause
5. Adjective Clause
6. Noun Clause
7. Adverb Clause
8. Adjective Clause
9. Adverb Clause
10. Noun Clause
11. Adverb Clause
12. Adjective Clause
13. Noun Clause
14. Adverb Clause
15. Adjective Clause
16. Noun Clause
17. Adverb Clause
18. Adjective Clause
19. Noun Clause
20. Adverb Clause

Fill in the Blanks

1. that   2. who   3. because   4. what   5. where

6. when   7. whose   8. so that   9. If   10. where

11. which   12. Although   13. why   14. whether   15. where

MCQ Answers

1. (b)   2. (a)   3. (c)   4. (a)   5. (b)

6. (c)   7. (a)   8. (a)   9. (b)   10. (a)

11. (c)   12. (b)   13. (c)   14. (a)   15. (b)

Error Correction Answers

1. The boy who won the race is my friend.
2. This is the place where I was born.
3. I know what he is doing.
4. I don't know where he lives.
5. The man whose car was stolen is here.
6. He stayed home because he was ill.
7. The boy whose father is a doctor is my friend.
8. I know where he lives.
9. Although he was poor, he was honest.
10. Because he was ill, he stayed home.

Board Important Questions

1. What is a Clause? Give two examples.
2. What is the difference between a Phrase and a Clause?
3. What is a Main Clause?
4. What is a Subordinate Clause?
5. Define Noun Clause with examples.
6. Define Adjective Clause with examples.
7. Define Adverb Clause with examples.
8. Identify the type of clause in given sentences.
9. Join two sentences using a suitable clause.
10. Fill in the blanks with suitable relative words.

Quick Revision

Clause	What does it do?	Common Clues
Main Clause	Complete meaning	Can stand alone
Noun Clause	Noun का काम	that, what, who, why, how, whether, if
Adjective Clause	Noun/Pronoun की विशेषता	who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when
Adverb Clause	Time, reason, condition, purpose, result आदि	when, while, because, if, unless, although, so that आदि

One-Line Revision