Tense and Sequence of Tense

Tense and Sequence of Tense

Tense का अर्थ है—Verb (क्रिया) के उस form से यह पता चलना कि कोई काम कब हुआ, कब हो रहा है या कब होगा।

1. Tense के तीन मुख्य प्रकार

Tense	Meaning	Example
Present Tense	वर्तमान समय	He plays cricket.
Past Tense	बीता हुआ समय	He played cricket.
Future Tense	आने वाला समय	He will play cricket.

2. Tense के चार Forms

Form	Present	Past	Future
Simple	He writes.	He wrote.	He will write.
Continuous	He is writing.	He was writing.	He will be writing.
Perfect	He has written.	He had written.	He will have written.
Perfect Continuous	He has been writing.	He had been writing.	He will have been writing.

3. Present Tense

A. Simple Present Tense

इसका प्रयोग habit (आदत), regular action (नियमित कार्य), universal truth (सार्वभौमिक सत्य), general fact आदि के लिए होता है।

Subject + V1 / V1+s/es + Object

Examples:

• I go to school every day.
• He goes to school every day.
• She reads a book.
• The sun rises in the east.
• Water boils at 100°C.
• Birds fly in the sky.

• He play cricket. ❌
• He plays cricket. ✅
• She watch TV. ❌
• She watches TV. ✅

B. Present Continuous Tense

जो action अभी हो रहा है, उसके लिए Present Continuous का प्रयोग होता है।

Subject + is/am/are + V-ing

• I am reading a book.
• He is playing cricket.
• They are watching television.
• She is cooking food.

C. Present Perfect Tense

जो काम अभी-अभी पूरा हुआ है या जिसका result present में दिखाई दे रहा है।

Subject + has/have + V3

• I have finished my work.
• He has completed the homework.
• They have gone to school.
• She has written a letter.

D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

जो काम past में शुरू हुआ और अभी तक जारी है।

Subject + has/have been + V-ing + since/for

• I have been studying for two hours.
• He has been living here since 2020.
• They have been playing since morning.

4. Past Tense

A. Simple Past Tense

Past में पूरा हो चुका काम बताने के लिए Simple Past का प्रयोग होता है।

Subject + V2 + Object

• I went to school yesterday.
• He played cricket.
• She wrote a letter.
• They visited Delhi last year.

Common time expressions: yesterday, last week, last year, ago, once, formerly आदि।

B. Past Continuous Tense

Past के किसी particular time पर कोई action जारी था।

Subject + was/were + V-ing

• I was reading a book.
• He was sleeping.
• They were playing football.
• She was cooking when I arrived.

C. Past Perfect Tense

Past में दो actions हुए हों और एक action दूसरे से पहले complete हो चुका हो, तो पहले हुए action के लिए Past Perfect का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Subject + had + V3

• The train had left before we reached the station.
• He had finished his work before I arrived.
• She had gone home when I called her.

D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past में कोई action एक निश्चित समय से लगातार चल रहा था।

Subject + had been + V-ing + since/for

• He had been working for five hours.
• They had been waiting since morning.
• She had been studying for three hours before her mother came.

5. Future Tense

A. Simple Future Tense

Future में होने वाले action के लिए Simple Future का प्रयोग होता है।

Subject + will + V1

• I will help you.
• He will come tomorrow.
• They will visit Patna next week.
• She will write a letter.

B. Future Continuous Tense

Future के किसी particular time पर action जारी होगा।

Subject + will be + V-ing

• I will be studying at 8 p.m.
• He will be travelling tomorrow.
• They will be playing cricket in the evening.

C. Future Perfect Tense

Future के किसी निश्चित समय तक कोई action complete हो चुका होगा।

Subject + will have + V3

• I will have finished the work by tomorrow.
• She will have reached home by 6 p.m.
• They will have completed the project by next month.

D. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future में किसी निश्चित समय तक कोई action लगातार जारी रहा होगा।

Subject + will have been + V-ing

• By next month, I will have been working here for five years.
• By 10 p.m., he will have been studying for four hours.

6. Tense पहचानने का आसान तरीका

Clue	Likely Tense	Example
every day, always, usually	Simple Present	He goes to school every day.
now, at present, at this moment	Present Continuous	He is reading now.
yesterday, ago, last	Simple Past	He came yesterday.
while + past action	Past Continuous	He was sleeping while I was working.
before + past action	Past Perfect	He had left before I arrived.
tomorrow, next week	Simple Future	He will come tomorrow.
since	Perfect/Perfect Continuous	He has lived here since 2020.
for + period	Perfect/Perfect Continuous	He has been working for two hours.

Sequence of Tense

Sequence of Tense का अर्थ है—एक ही sentence में दो या अधिक clauses (उपवाक्य) होने पर उनके Tenses का आपस में उचित संबंध रखना।

7. Sequence of Tense का मुख्य नियम

अगर Main Clause का Verb Present या Future Tense में है, तो उसके बाद आने वाले clause में आवश्यकतानुसार Present, Past या Future का प्रयोग हो सकता है।

Examples:

• He says that he is happy.
• He says that he was busy.
• He says that he will come.
• He will say that he is ready.

8. Main Clause Past Tense में हो तो

यदि Main Clause का verb Past Tense में है, तो सामान्यतः Reported/Subordinate Clause का tense भी past form में चला जाता है।

Direct/Original Tense	Sequence के अनुसार	Example
Present Simple	Past Simple	He said that he was ill.
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	He said that he was reading.
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	He said that he had finished the work.
Past Simple	Past Perfect	He said that he had gone home.
Will	Would	He said that he would come.

9. Sequence of Tense के Examples

Example 1

Direct idea: He says, "I am tired."

Correct: He says that he is tired.

यहाँ says Present Tense में है, इसलिए am को Past में बदलने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

Example 2

Direct idea: He said, "I am tired."

Correct: He said that he was tired.

Example 3

Direct idea: He said, "I have finished my work."

Correct: He said that he had finished his work.

Example 4

Direct idea: He said, "I will help you."

Correct: He said that he would help me.

10. Universal Truth का विशेष नियम

यदि subordinate clause में Universal Truth (सार्वभौमिक सत्य) हो, तो Main Clause Past Tense में होने के बावजूद उस truth को Past में बदलना आवश्यक नहीं है।

• He said that the earth is round. ✅
• He said that the earth was round. ⚠️

Exam में universal truth के लिए Present Tense रखना सबसे सुरक्षित है:

• The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
• He said that honesty is the best policy.
• The scientist said that water boils at 100°C.

11. Historical Facts और Permanent Facts

ऐसे facts जो हमेशा सत्य माने जाते हैं, उन्हें context के अनुसार Present में रखा जा सकता है।

• The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
• He said that India is a democratic country.

12. जब दोनों Actions एक ही समय के हों

यदि दो actions एक ही समय में हो रहे थे, तो दोनों clauses में appropriate past tense रखा जा सकता है।

• When I entered the room, he was sleeping.
• While she was cooking, I was reading.
• When the teacher came, the students were talking.

13. जब एक Action दूसरे से पहले हो

Past में दो actions हों और एक पहले complete हुआ हो, तो पहले action के लिए Past Perfect उपयोगी होता है।

• When I reached the station, the train had left.
• After he had finished his work, he went home.
• Before the police arrived, the thief had escaped.

14. Since के साथ Tense

Since का प्रयोग किसी निश्चित starting point के लिए होता है।

• since Monday
• since 2020
• since morning
• since childhood

जब action past में शुरू होकर अभी तक जारी है:

• I have lived here since 2020.
• He has been working since morning.
• She has known me since childhood.

15. For के साथ Tense

For किसी duration (अवधि) को बताता है।

• for two hours
• for five days
• for ten years
• for a long time

Examples:

• I have been studying for two hours.
• He has lived here for ten years.
• They had been waiting for three hours.

16. When, While और Before के साथ Tense

When

• When I reached home, my mother was cooking.
• When he came, I was sleeping.

While

• While I was reading, my brother was playing.
• While she was cooking, the phone rang.

Before

• He had left before I arrived.
• Finish your work before you go out.

17. Common Tense Errors

Incorrect	Correct
He go to school every day.	He goes to school every day.
She is knowing me.	She knows me.
I have seen him yesterday.	I saw him yesterday.
He did not went there.	He did not go there.
He has been living here since five years.	He has been living here for five years.
He has gone yesterday.	He went yesterday.
When I reached, he left.	When I reached, he had left.

18. Tense पहचानने की Step-by-Step Method

1. सबसे पहले sentence का time clue खोजें।
2. देखें action habit है, अभी चल रहा है या complete हो चुका है।
3. Verb का form देखें—V1, V2, V3 या V-ing।
4. Helping Verb देखें—is/am/are, was/were, has/have, had, will आदि।
5. अगर sentence में दो clauses हैं, तो दोनों actions का time relationship समझें।
6. Past के दो actions हों तो देखें कौन पहले हुआ था।

19. Practice Set – Fill in the Blanks

सही form of verb भरिए:

1. He _______ to school every day. (go)
2. She _______ a letter now. (write)
3. I _______ my work yesterday. (finish)
4. They _______ cricket at this moment. (play)
5. He _______ already _______ the work. (complete)
6. We _______ Delhi last year. (visit)
7. She _______ here since 2020. (live)
8. I _______ for you for two hours. (wait)
9. He _______ tomorrow. (come)
10. They _______ the project by next week. (complete)
11. When I reached the station, the train _______. (leave)
12. While I _______ TV, my brother was studying. (watch)
13. He said that he _______ ill. (be)
14. She said that she _______ finished the work. (have)
15. The teacher said that the earth _______ round. (be)
16. He said that he _______ come the next day. (will)
17. I _______ him yesterday. (meet)
18. She _______ food when I called her. (cook)
19. By tomorrow, he _______ the work. (finish)
20. They _______ for three hours before the bus arrived. (wait)

20. Practice Set – Correct the Errors

1. He go to school every day.
2. She did not went there.
3. I have seen him yesterday.
4. He is knowing the answer.
5. They has completed the work.
6. She have been studying for two hours.
7. He will comes tomorrow.
8. When I arrived, he already left.
9. He has lived here since five years.
10. She was cook food when I came.
11. He said that he is ill. (Change according to normal sequence)
12. He said that he will help me. (Change according to normal sequence)
13. The teacher said that the earth was moving around the sun. (Use universal truth)
14. I am living here since 2020.
15. He had went home before I arrived.

21. Practice Set – Choose the Correct Option

1. He _______ to school every day.
   (a) go   (b) goes   (c) going   (d) gone
2. Look! The baby _______.
   (a) cries   (b) cried   (c) is crying   (d) cry
3. I _______ him yesterday.
   (a) meet   (b) met   (c) have met   (d) am meeting
4. She _______ her homework already.
   (a) has finished   (b) finish   (c) finished yesterday   (d) finishing
5. They _______ here since morning.
   (a) are waiting   (b) have been waiting   (c) waited   (d) wait
6. When I reached the station, the train _______.
   (a) leaves   (b) left   (c) had left   (d) has left
7. He said that he _______ busy.
   (a) is   (b) was   (c) will   (d) has
8. He said that he _______ come the next day.
   (a) will   (b) would   (c) can   (d) shall
9. The teacher said that the sun _______ in the east.
   (a) rose   (b) rises   (c) will rise   (d) has risen
10. By next month, I _______ this course.
    (a) complete   (b) completed   (c) will have completed   (d) am completing

22. Practice Set – Transform the Sentences

1. He goes to school. (Change into Past)
2. She writes a letter. (Change into Present Continuous)
3. They played cricket. (Change into Future)
4. I am reading a book. (Change into Past Continuous)
5. He completed the work. (Change into Past Perfect)
6. She will write a letter. (Change into Future Continuous)
7. They have finished the work. (Change into Past Perfect)
8. He is playing football. (Change into Simple Present)
9. I have been studying for two hours. (Change into Past Perfect Continuous)
10. She will have completed the work. (Change into Simple Future)

23. Practice Set – Sequence of Tense

Brackets में दिए Verb का सही form भरिए:

1. He said that he _______ ill. (be)
2. She said that she _______ a new book. (buy)
3. He said that he _______ the work. (finish)
4. They said that they _______ to Delhi the next day. (go)
5. The teacher said that the earth _______ round. (be)
6. He said that he _______ football. (play)
7. She said that she _______ cooking when I called. (be)
8. He says that he _______ busy. (be)
9. She says that she _______ finished the work. (have)
10. He said that the sun _______ in the east. (rise)

24. Mixed Practice – Board Level

1. Ravi _______ (go) to school every day.
2. Listen! Someone _______ (knock) at the door.
3. I _______ (see) him yesterday.
4. She _______ already _______ (finish) her homework.
5. They _______ (play) cricket when it started raining.
6. When I reached home, my mother _______ (cook) food.
7. The train _______ (leave) before we reached the station.
8. He _______ (live) here since 2019.
9. She _______ (study) for three hours.
10. We _______ (visit) Patna next week.
11. By next year, he _______ (complete) his course.
12. He said that he _______ (be) tired.
13. She said that she _______ (have) completed the work.
14. The teacher said that the earth _______ (move) around the sun.
15. He said that he _______ (will) help me.

25. Answer Key

Fill in the Blanks

1. goes
2. is writing
3. finished
4. are playing
5. has, completed
6. visited
7. has lived / has been living
8. have been waiting
9. will come
10. will have completed
11. had left
12. was watching
13. was
14. had
15. is
16. would
17. met
18. was cooking
19. will have finished
20. had been waiting

Correction Answers

1. He goes to school every day.
2. She did not go there.
3. I saw him yesterday.
4. He knows the answer.
5. They have completed the work.
6. She has been studying for two hours.
7. He will come tomorrow.
8. When I arrived, he had already left.
9. He has lived here for five years.
10. She was cooking food when I came.
11. He said that he was ill.
12. He said that he would help me.
13. The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
14. I have been living here since 2020.
15. He had gone home before I arrived.

MCQ Answers

1. (b) goes   2. (c) is crying   3. (b) met   4. (a) has finished   5. (b) have been waiting

6. (c) had left   7. (b) was   8. (b) would   9. (b) rises   10. (c) will have completed

Sequence of Tense Answers

1. was
2. bought
3. had finished
4. would go
5. is
6. played
7. was
8. is
9. has
10. rises

26. Board Exam में Tense के लिए Important Rules

• He/She/It + V1+s/es → Simple Present.
• Did + V1 → did के बाद हमेशा V1 आता है।
• Has/Have/Had + V3 का प्रयोग करें।
• Is/Am/Are/Was/Were + V-ing → Continuous Tense.
• Since = starting point.
• For = duration.
• Past के दो actions में पहले हुए action के लिए अक्सर Past Perfect आता है।
• Main Clause Past में होने पर सामान्यतः subordinate clause भी Past form में आता है।
• Universal Truth को Past में बदलना आवश्यक नहीं है।
• Yesterday, last year, two days ago जैसे clues के साथ सामान्यतः Simple Past आता है।

27. Quick Revision

Tense	Basic Structure	Example
Simple Present	V1 / V1+s/es	He plays.
Present Continuous	is/am/are + V-ing	He is playing.
Present Perfect	has/have + V3	He has played.
Present Perfect Continuous	has/have been + V-ing	He has been playing.
Simple Past	V2	He played.
Past Continuous	was/were + V-ing	He was playing.
Past Perfect	had + V3	He had played.
Past Perfect Continuous	had been + V-ing	He had been playing.
Simple Future	will + V1	He will play.
Future Continuous	will be + V-ing	He will be playing.
Future Perfect	will have + V3	He will have played.
Future Perfect Continuous	will have been + V-ing	He will have been playing.

28. One-Line Revision