Non-Finites: Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles

Non-Finites: Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles

Non-Finites English Grammar का एक बहुत important topic है। Non-finite verbs ऐसे verb forms होते हैं जो sentence में verb का काम तो करते हैं, लेकिन सामान्य finite verb की तरह tense, person या number के अनुसार अपना form नहीं बदलते।

1. Finite Verb और Non-Finite Verb में Difference

सबसे पहले यह समझना जरूरी है कि finite और non-finite verb में क्या अंतर होता है।

Finite Verb	Non-Finite Verb
Subject और tense के अनुसार बदल सकता है।	Subject या tense के अनुसार सामान्यतः नहीं बदलता।
Sentence का main verb हो सकता है।	Verb, noun या adjective की तरह काम कर सकता है।
Example: He plays cricket.	He likes playing cricket.
She works hard.	She wants to work hard.

2. Non-Finite के तीन मुख्य प्रकार

Type	Form	मुख्य काम
Infinitive	to + V1	Noun / purpose / complement आदि
Gerund	V1 + ing	Noun की तरह
Participle	V1 + ing / V3	Adjective या verb phrase का हिस्सा

Infinitive = to + V1   |   Gerund = V-ing as Noun   |   Participle = Verb form used mainly as Adjective / Verb phrase

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PART A — INFINITIVES

3. What is an Infinitive?

Verb की basic form से पहले to लगाने पर सामान्यतः infinitive बनता है।

Infinitive = to + V1

Examples:

• to read
• to write
• to play
• to study
• to help
• to learn
• to sing
• to dance

4. Infinitive as a Noun

Infinitive sentence में noun की तरह काम कर सकता है।

Examples

1. To read is a good habit.
2. To help others is noble.
3. To learn is important.
4. To forgive is difficult.
5. To speak the truth is always good.

यहाँ to read, to help, to learn, to forgive, to speak noun की तरह sentence के subject का काम कर रहे हैं।

5. Infinitive to Show Purpose

किसी काम का purpose (उद्देश्य) बताने के लिए infinitive का बहुत अधिक प्रयोग होता है।

Action + to + V1 = Purpose

Examples

• I went to the market to buy vegetables.
• He works hard to earn money.
• She went to Delhi to meet her friend.
• We study to learn.
• He opened the door to see who was outside.
• She went to the library to read a book.
• They came here to help us.
• I called him to ask a question.

6. Infinitive after Certain Verbs

कुछ verbs के बाद सामान्यतः infinitive का प्रयोग होता है।

Verb	Example
want	I want to learn English.
hope	We hope to win.
decide	She decided to study.
plan	They planned to visit Delhi.
promise	He promised to help me.
agree	She agreed to come.
refuse	He refused to answer.
learn	I learned to swim.
try	Try to understand this.
need	I need to study.

7. More Examples of Infinitive

1. I want to become a teacher.
2. She wants to learn French.
3. He decided to leave early.
4. We hope to meet you soon.
5. They planned to visit the museum.
6. He promised to help the poor.
7. She refused to accept the offer.
8. I tried to solve the problem.
9. He forgot to lock the door.
10. She learned to drive a car.

8. Infinitive after Adjectives

कई बार adjective के बाद infinitive का प्रयोग होता है।

• I am happy to see you.
• She is ready to go.
• He is unable to walk.
• They are eager to learn.
• We are glad to meet you.
• He was afraid to speak.
• She is willing to help us.

9. Bare Infinitive

जब infinitive के पहले to नहीं होता, उसे Bare Infinitive कहा जाता है।

Modal verbs जैसे can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must के बाद verb की first form आती है।

• He can swim.
• She can sing.
• You should study.
• We must obey the rules.
• They will come tomorrow.
• He might visit us.

10. Infinitive — Quick Test

Underline the infinitives:

1. I want to read this book.
2. She went to the market to buy vegetables.
3. To help others is a good habit.
4. He decided to work hard.
5. We came here to meet you.

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PART B — GERUNDS

11. What is a Gerund?

जब V1 + ing form sentence में noun की तरह काम करता है, तो उसे Gerund कहते हैं।

Gerund = V1 + ing used as a Noun

12. Gerund as Subject

Gerund sentence के beginning में subject की तरह आ सकता है।

• Swimming is good exercise.
• Reading improves knowledge.
• Walking is good for health.
• Smoking is harmful.
• Playing is enjoyable.
• Learning English is useful.
• Writing improves language skills.
• Helping others is a good habit.

यहाँ swimming, reading, walking, smoking आदि noun की तरह subject का काम कर रहे हैं। इसलिए ये Gerunds हैं।

13. Gerund after Prepositions

Preposition के बाद verb आए तो सामान्यतः उसका -ing form प्रयोग होता है।

Preposition + V-ing

Examples

• He is good at drawing.
• She is interested in reading.
• Thank you for helping me.
• He left without saying goodbye.
• She is fond of singing.
• They talked about going to Delhi.
• He succeeded in solving the problem.
• She is afraid of speaking English.

14. Gerund after Certain Verbs

कुछ verbs के बाद सामान्यतः Gerund का प्रयोग होता है।

Verb	Example
enjoy	I enjoy reading.
avoid	He avoided meeting me.
finish	She finished writing.
mind	Would you mind opening the door?
keep	Keep trying.
suggest	He suggested going there.
admit	He admitted making a mistake.
deny	He denied stealing the money.
practice	Practice speaking English.
consider	She considered changing her job.

15. More Gerund Examples

1. I enjoy playing cricket.
2. She enjoys reading novels.
3. He avoided answering the question.
4. They finished doing their homework.
5. Would you mind closing the window?
6. Keep working hard.
7. She suggested visiting the museum.
8. He admitted telling a lie.
9. They denied breaking the window.
10. He practises writing every day.

16. Gerund after Possessive Words

• I appreciate your helping me.
• We were surprised at his coming late.
• She objected to my going there.

17. Gerund vs Infinitive

Gerund	Infinitive
I enjoy reading.	I want to read.
She avoided talking.	She decided to talk.
He finished writing.	He wants to write.
They suggested going.	They planned to go.

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PART C — PARTICIPLES

18. What is a Participle?

Participle verb का ऐसा form है जो अक्सर adjective की तरह काम करता है या किसी verb phrase का हिस्सा बनता है।

Participles मुख्यतः दो प्रकार के होते हैं:

1. Present Participle
2. Past Participle

19. Present Participle

सामान्यतः V1 + ing form जब adjective की तरह किसी noun/pronoun को describe करता है, तो उसे Present Participle कहते हैं।

Present Participle = V1 + ing

Examples

• The crying baby needs milk.
• The running boy is my brother.
• The barking dog is dangerous.
• The shining stars look beautiful.
• The boiling water is hot.
• I saw a sleeping child.
• We watched the playing children.
• The falling leaves covered the road.

20. Present Participle in Continuous Tense

-ing form जब auxiliary verb के साथ continuous tense बनाने में main verb का हिस्सा होता है, तब यह participle form है।

• He is reading a book.
• She is cooking food.
• They are playing cricket.
• I was watching television.
• We were waiting for the bus.

21. Past Participle

सामान्यतः verb की third form (V3) को Past Participle कहा जाता है।

Past Participle = V3

Examples

• a broken chair
• a tired man
• a written letter
• a stolen car
• a closed door
• a fallen leaf
• a painted wall
• a damaged road

22. Past Participle as Adjective

• The broken window needs repair.
• The injured man was taken to hospital.
• The stolen bicycle was found.
• The closed shop will open tomorrow.
• The fallen tree blocked the road.
• The painted wall looks beautiful.
• The tired worker went home.
• The confused student asked a question.

23. Participial Phrase

Participle के साथ उससे जुड़े हुए words मिलकर Participial Phrase बनाते हैं।

Examples

• Walking along the road, I saw an old man.
• Feeling tired, he went to bed.
• Having finished his work, he went home.
• Shocked by the news, she started crying.
• Surrounded by friends, the boy felt happy.

24. Present Participle vs Gerund

दोनों में V-ing form होता है, इसलिए students अक्सर confuse होते हैं। Difference समझने के लिए sentence में उनका function देखें।

Gerund	Present Participle
Noun की तरह काम करता है।	Adjective / verb phrase का हिस्सा होता है।
Swimming is good exercise.	The swimming boy is my brother.
I enjoy reading.	The girl is reading a book.
Walking is good for health.	The walking man is my uncle.

25. Compare These Sentences Carefully

Sentence	Type	Why?
Reading is useful.	Gerund	Subject / Noun
The boy is reading.	Participle	Verb phrase का हिस्सा
The reading boy is my friend.	Present Participle	Boy को describe कर रहा है
I like reading.	Gerund	Object / Noun
The crying baby is hungry.	Present Participle	Baby को describe कर रहा है

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PART D — NON-FINITE पहचानने की पूरी Method

26. Step-by-Step Identification Method

1. सबसे पहले sentence में verbs को identify करें।
2. देखें कि कौन-सा verb tense/person/number के अनुसार बदल रहा है।
3. to + V1 दिखे तो infinitive check करें।
4. V-ing दिखे तो देखें कि वह noun है, adjective है या verb phrase का हिस्सा।
5. अगर V-ing noun का काम कर रहा है → Gerund।
6. अगर V-ing adjective की तरह noun को describe कर रहा है → Present Participle।
7. अगर V3 adjective की तरह काम कर रहा है → Past Participle।

27. पहचानने की Shortcut Table

Form	Question to Ask	Answer
to + V1	क्या “to” के बाद V1 है?	Infinitive
V-ing	क्या noun की तरह काम कर रहा है?	Gerund
V-ing	क्या noun को describe कर रहा है?	Present Participle
V-ing	क्या continuous verb phrase का हिस्सा है?	Present Participle
V3	क्या adjective की तरह use हुआ है?	Past Participle

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PART E — IMPORTANT VERBS AND PATTERNS

28. Verbs Usually Followed by Infinitive

Verb	Pattern
want	want + to + V1
decide	decide + to + V1
hope	hope + to + V1
plan	plan + to + V1
promise	promise + to + V1
agree	agree + to + V1
refuse	refuse + to + V1
learn	learn + to + V1
try	try + to + V1
need	need + to + V1

29. Verbs Usually Followed by Gerund

Verb	Pattern
enjoy	enjoy + V-ing
avoid	avoid + V-ing
finish	finish + V-ing
mind	mind + V-ing
keep	keep + V-ing
suggest	suggest + V-ing
admit	admit + V-ing
deny	deny + V-ing
practise	practise + V-ing
consider	consider + V-ing

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PART F — COMMON ERRORS

30. Common Mistakes

Wrong	Correct
I enjoy to read.	I enjoy reading.
He decided going there.	He decided to go there.
She can to swim.	She can swim.
He is good at to sing.	He is good at singing.
I want going home.	I want to go home.
She avoided to answer.	She avoided answering.
He went there for to meet me.	He went there to meet me.
Walking is a boy.	The walking boy is my friend.

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PART G — SOLVED EXAMPLES

31. Identify the Non-Finites

Q1. Identify the non-finite verb in: “I want to learn English.”

Answer: to learn — Infinitive.

Q2. Identify the non-finite verb in: “Swimming is good exercise.”

Answer: Swimming — Gerund, क्योंकि यह subject/noun की तरह काम कर रहा है।

Q3. Identify the participle in: “The crying baby needs milk.”

Answer: crying — Present Participle, क्योंकि यह baby को describe कर रहा है।

Q4. Identify the participle in: “The broken chair is useless.”

Answer: broken — Past Participle.

32. Choose the Correct Form

1. I enjoy (read / reading) books. Answer: reading
2. She decided (to leave / leaving) early. Answer: to leave
3. He is good at (draw / drawing). Answer: drawing
4. They want (to play / playing) cricket. Answer: to play
5. She avoided (to speak / speaking) to him. Answer: speaking
6. He went there (to meet / meeting) his friend. Answer: to meet
7. (Reading / To reading) is a good habit. Answer: Reading
8. The (cry / crying) child needs help. Answer: crying
9. The (break / broken) window needs repair. Answer: broken
10. We hope (to win / winning) the match. Answer: to win

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PART H — LARGE PRACTICE SET

33. Practice Set A — Identify the Type

नीचे दिए गए bold words को पहचानें — Infinitive, Gerund या Participle:

1. I like to read books.
2. Swimming is good exercise.
3. The crying child needs his mother.
4. He wants to become a doctor.
5. Walking is good for health.
6. The broken chair is in the room.
7. She enjoys singing.
8. They went to the market to buy vegetables.
9. The falling leaves covered the road.
10. He finished writing the letter.
11. I hope to meet you.
12. The injured man was taken to hospital.
13. Reading improves vocabulary.
14. She is happy to help us.
15. The boy is running fast.

34. Practice Set B — Fill in the Blanks

Bracket में दिए verb का सही form भरें:

1. I want ________ (learn) English.
2. She enjoys ________ (read) books.
3. He decided ________ (go) home.
4. They avoided ________ (meet) him.
5. We went there ________ (help) the villagers.
6. He is interested in ________ (learn) English.
7. She hopes ________ (win) the prize.
8. ________ (walk) is good exercise.
9. He finished ________ (write) the letter.
10. The ________ (break) window needs repair.
11. She is good at ________ (sing).
12. I promise ________ (help) you.
13. They suggested ________ (visit) the museum.
14. He went to the shop ________ (buy) milk.
15. The ________ (cry) baby was hungry.
16. She refused ________ (answer) the question.
17. He kept ________ (talk).
18. ________ (read) books is a useful habit.
19. The ________ (fall) tree blocked the road.
20. We are ready ________ (start) the work.

35. Practice Set C — Correct the Errors

नीचे दिए गए sentences में error को correct करें:

1. I enjoy to play cricket.
2. She decided going there.
3. He can to swim.
4. They are interested to learn English.
5. He avoided to answer my question.
6. I want going home.
7. She is good at to dance.
8. We went there for to meet him.
9. He finished to write the letter.
10. She suggested to go to the market.

36. Practice Set D — Multiple Choice Questions

1. ________ is a good habit.
   (a) Read   (b) Reading   (c) To reading   (d) Reads
2. He wants ________ a doctor.
   (a) become   (b) becoming   (c) to become   (d) became
3. She enjoys ________ songs.
   (a) sing   (b) to sing   (c) singing   (d) sang
4. He is good at ________.
   (a) swim   (b) swimming   (c) to swim   (d) swam
5. They went to the market ________ vegetables.
   (a) buying   (b) bought   (c) to buy   (d) buy
6. The ________ child was crying.
   (a) sleep   (b) sleeping   (c) slept   (d) to sleep
7. He decided ________ hard.
   (a) work   (b) working   (c) to work   (d) worked
8. She avoided ________ the question.
   (a) answer   (b) to answer   (c) answering   (d) answered
9. The ________ window needs repair.
   (a) break   (b) breaking   (c) broken   (d) to break
10. We must ________ the rules.
    (a) to obey   (b) obeying   (c) obey   (d) obeyed
11. He promised ________ me.
    (a) help   (b) helping   (c) to help   (d) helped
12. They finished ________ the work.
    (a) do   (b) to do   (c) doing   (d) did
13. The ________ leaves fell from the tree.
    (a) fall   (b) falling   (c) fallen   (d) to fall
14. She is happy ________ you.
    (a) meet   (b) meeting   (c) to meet   (d) met
15. ________ others is a noble act.
    (a) Help   (b) Helping   (c) To helping   (d) Helped
16. He kept ________.
    (a) try   (b) to try   (c) trying   (d) tried
17. I am looking forward to ________ you.
    (a) meet   (b) meeting   (c) to meet   (d) met
18. The ________ man was taken to hospital.
    (a) injure   (b) injuring   (c) injured   (d) to injure
19. He practises ________ every day.
    (a) write   (b) writing   (c) to write   (d) wrote
20. You should ________ hard.
    (a) to work   (b) working   (c) work   (d) worked

37. Practice Set E — Identify Gerund or Participle

Bold word को Gerund या Participle के रूप में पहचानें:

1. Swimming is my favourite exercise.
2. The swimming boy is my brother.
3. I enjoy reading books.
4. The girl is reading a book.
5. Walking is good for health.
6. The walking man is my uncle.
7. Playing cricket is fun.
8. The playing children are happy.
9. Smoking is harmful.
10. The smoking chimney is visible from here.
11. She likes singing.
12. The singing girl won the prize.

38. Practice Set F — Mixed Challenge

नीचे दिए गए sentences में non-finite verb को identify करें और उसका type बताएं:

1. To speak the truth is difficult.
2. Speaking the truth is important.
3. The speaking man attracted everyone's attention.
4. He went to the doctor to get treatment.
5. Getting up early is a good habit.
6. The injured player left the field.
7. She wants to improve her English.
8. He avoided talking to me.
9. The crying baby was hungry.
10. They continued working.
11. To forgive is difficult.
12. Forgiving others is a noble quality.
13. The broken glass was dangerous.
14. He is learning English.
15. Learning English is useful.

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PART I — ANSWER KEY

39. Practice Set A Answers

No.	Answer	Type
1	to read	Infinitive
2	Swimming	Gerund
3	crying	Present Participle
4	to become	Infinitive
5	Walking	Gerund
6	broken	Past Participle
7	singing	Gerund
8	to buy	Infinitive
9	falling	Present Participle
10	writing	Gerund
11	to meet	Infinitive
12	injured	Past Participle
13	Reading	Gerund
14	to help	Infinitive
15	running	Present Participle

40. Practice Set B Answers

1. to learn
2. reading
3. to go
4. meeting
5. to help
6. learning
7. to win
8. Walking
9. writing
10. broken
11. singing
12. to help
13. visiting
14. to buy
15. crying
16. to answer
17. talking
18. Reading
19. fallen
20. to start

41. Practice Set C Answers

1. I enjoy playing cricket.
2. She decided to go there.
3. He can swim.
4. They are interested in learning English.
5. He avoided answering my question.
6. I want to go home.
7. She is good at dancing.
8. We went there to meet him.
9. He finished writing the letter.
10. She suggested going to the market.

42. Practice Set D Answers

Q.	Answer
1	b) Reading
2	c) to become
3	c) singing
4	b) swimming
5	c) to buy
6	b) sleeping
7	c) to work
8	c) answering
9	c) broken
10	c) obey
11	c) to help
12	c) doing
13	b) falling
14	c) to meet
15	b) Helping
16	c) trying
17	b) meeting
18	c) injured
19	b) writing
20	c) work

43. Practice Set E Answers

No.	Answer
1	Gerund
2	Present Participle
3	Gerund
4	Present Participle
5	Gerund
6	Present Participle
7	Gerund
8	Present Participle
9	Gerund
10	Present Participle
11	Gerund
12	Present Participle

44. Practice Set F Answers

No.	Non-Finite	Type
1	To speak	Infinitive
2	Speaking	Gerund
3	speaking	Present Participle
4	to get	Infinitive
5	Getting	Gerund
6	injured	Past Participle
7	to improve	Infinitive
8	talking	Gerund
9	crying	Present Participle
10	working	Gerund
11	To forgive	Infinitive
12	Forgiving	Gerund
13	broken	Past Participle
14	learning	Present Participle
15	Learning	Gerund

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PART J — EXAM-ORIENTED REVISION

45. Most Important Rules

• to + V1 → Infinitive
• V-ing as Noun → Gerund
• V-ing as Adjective → Present Participle
• V3 as Adjective → Past Participle
• Preposition के बाद सामान्यतः V-ing आता है।
• Modal verb के बाद V1 आता है, “to” नहीं।
• enjoy, avoid, finish, mind, keep, suggest के बाद Gerund याद रखें।
• want, decide, hope, plan, promise, agree, refuse के बाद Infinitive याद रखें।

46. Super Quick Identification Trick

47. One-Line Revision

Infinitive = to + V1 | Gerund = V-ing as Noun | Present Participle = V-ing as Adjective/Verb Form | Past Participle = V3 as Adjective/Verb Form